THE FLYING INSECTS

MENTIONETED SPECIES
Certainly the classification method ( taxonomic criterion, for the academician) is debatable and at the limit of scientific orthodoxy, but surely practise even if the species that we will exam, flies and mosquitoes, show a contradiction: the larval form of this specie doesn’t fly but it’s undeniable that everybody, also the most tireless entomologist, when he gets wind of dipterans, thinks about a flying entity.
However this reason won’t bring us to neglect technical aspects of this fundamental kind of struggle.
Moreover it’s undeniable that the lepidopterans (butterflies) are, in the adult form, flying bugs and they will treated in the grouping of the foodstuff’s insects. All of this is done in name of the practicality, with the finality to make "operational" the consultation of the essay.

THE FLIES
To maintain us faithful to the principle of simplicity we will classify these bugs gathering them for habitat of election (you see tab. 1).

BIOLOGIC CYCLE
Eggs
Hatch’s time: from 2 to half day in function to the temperature Larval development (two moulds) : from 20 to 4 days “Sfare”’s time: from 20 to 4 days From the sfare to the mating pass about from 1 to 2 days From the mating to the laying pass on average 3 days ( min. 2 max 9, always in function of the temperature).
The feminine lay the eggs in groups of 100-200 every time (about 1000-2000 eggs in her life).
The biological potential is enormous, but the survivor is on average of 1%.
The number of generations in the space of a year is of 10-15. The wintering could be in every larval level.
ETHOLOGY
The flies at the adult stage could eat liquid food; They could also liquefy solid substances ( sugars ) through the saliva’s regurgitate.
At the larval stage they eat organic substances, overall in fermentation. In general the adults don’t move away from the are where the sfare, but the migration of ampler breadth are not rear when they take place with passive transport ( overall on trains and/or planes).
In general you can find the domestic fly in the internal of the structure in the cold hours, while it moves in the external in warmer hours.

STRUGGLE’SCHEME (reference domestic fly)
First of all it’s necessary well clarify the habitats where it’s more important to intervene ( see tab.).

INTERVENT’S PROTOCOLS ADULTS
RESIDUAL STRUGGLE
• To chose the surfaces to treat and evaluate the extension
• To prepare the surfaces ( optional) :
   - To dust
   - To wash for sprinkler
• To prepare with attention the solution/suspension of use
• To optional operations – add to the solution: sugar, molasses, milk in reason of 1%.
PLEASE NOTE: It’s important to verify the equipment’s efficiency prior of the intervention.
• Complementary operations (optional) – to add to the solution: sugar, molasses, milk for the 1%.
• The aim is to improve in the initial stage the frequentation of the treated surfaces of flies, overall if you treat partially (in stripes) or if you employ recall surface like plastic sheets ( in particular when the intervention takes place in old locals, with crumbling, dirty, absorbent walls.
• Security norms

Take care to follow all the warnings reported in label, with particular attention to
food and for the presence of people or animals.
Check his/her own outfit: masks, filters, attire
• Make the treatment respecting the unity dosages
• Wait that the surfaces dry before to “reactivate” the place, preferably with a preliminary air.
• Objective evaluation of the results.

INGESTION RESIDUAL STRUGGLE
Position with care, in the poisoning points, respecting the indications in the label.

TRAPS
• Viscous adhesive
• Food or pheromone attractive
This technique well lend itself to the monitoring.

KNOCK DOWN STRUGGLE
This technique is must to be used only if it’s impossible to avoid it: in presence of great infestations, in occasion of epidemic events in which the flies are an important link of the epidemiologic chain, to a limited extent to the “risk” areas of massive frequentation of the flies (garbage’s area or dunghills, etc.). You have to scrupulously respect the dosages favouring the products with a rapid degradation or with a toxicological outline “favourable”.

LARVAS

Done save the general indications of the point 1. to have care to well wet in a way to make to penetrate the liquid in the area of larval reproduction and follow the calendar of treatments coherent with the management of the dung and the garbage.
PLEASE NOTE: CERTIFICATE THE TREATMENT ON A APPOSITE FORM, WORK AGEND OR DIARY, PUNISHMENT THE NULLIFICATION OF THE WORK DONE.

TREATMENT CALENDAR
We have investigated on how to intervene, on where intervene, now we exam when intervene and we will conclude on why intervene ( even if at this point is almost obvious).
A concept, never enough deepened, it is that of the necessity to integrate the various parts of the mosaic so that the everything represents, in finished way, the whole sketch nothing neglecting: the correct products, applied in correct way, in the places where the application is necessary respecting with a suitable calendar of intervention the biological cycle of the kind target and the relative one to follow him some generations within the year.
The all, with scrupulous attention in the respects of ours and other people's safety (you see tab.).

WHY TO INTERVENE? ECONIMIC ASPECTS
Not by chance the term BEELZEBUB (from the Jewish Ba to the zebub = gentleman of the flies) has assumed in the New Will the meaning of devil. The flies are a real scourge: their presence is synonymous of dirt and they represent a human sanitary risk and veterinarian and hygienic industrialist and non negligible (we will see it in detail in the chart devoted to the illnesses communicated by the flies) zootechnical.
Besides, their presence constitutes a non negligible factor of depression of the productivity of any breeding, but also in the tourist context and of the sport (equestrian particularly) the flies are index of a bad image and of possible accidents. It must be added that a correct program of struggle to the flies must have effected with the understanding to reach concrete results below which it is useless to speak of cost / benefit.
In fact, for the students of the mathematics, but not only for them, if the benefit extends to zero the ratio tends towards the endless one: in practical terms money is thrown in interventions that are aimed to create you an alibi, deprived of economic logic.

THE MOSQUITOES
With the term “mosquitoes”, that already in the pronunciation it remembers the to hum of these annoying bugs, they are suitable numerous kinds of bugs for the prickliest that the experts call "culicidae." It’s no debatable that the mosquitoes are a great danger for the men because they are the vector of the malaria, illness that in some part of the world represent a deadly danger so much to be made to launch appeals on appeals to the World Health Organization (WHO.) on the dangers of the contagion above all for the fact that the therapeutic interventions seem to lose their effectiveness for the resistance that the various
plasmodis go acquiring more and more.
Italy has rooted up this illness in the years as soon as following to the second world war, but currently doubts rise on the risk of reintroduction owed to the exotic tourism and the workers in foreign missions in the areas to risk. Mentioned kind.
IMPORTANT
Numerous cities of the North and Centre Italy they are colonized by the native kind of the Asian Southeast: Aedes albopictus, note also with the suggestive name of "mosquito tiger" for the clear rings of its livery. In the origin areas it is vector of dangerous unlikely pathologies in our latitudes; an example stays however of the possibility of colonization of our territories of exotic kind and the necessary attention that should be set to the problem.
Similar examples of notable course are the to free him of the Corythuca ciliate, by now a diffused epidemic in all the city trees. Our plane-trees by now they are of a green chlorate, index of a state of consolidated suffering.
The rapids American expansion of the Hyfantria in the lowland plain appears us in its dramatic reality especially in the summer months, where numerous arboreal and shrubbery kinds show leaf apparatuses devastated by the jaws of the larvas of this lepidoptera introduced in Europe by the north-American allied troops.
In the next chapters we will limit there to the urban struggle towards the group Culex pipiens because it represents more than the 80% of the problem.
This doesn't owe it stuffed to forget the importance to also identify also the other kinds from the quantitative point of view and "topographical" so that the program of struggle is really contemplated, suitable, and therefore effective.

STRUGLLE TO THE CITY’S MOSQUITOES

BIOLOGIACL CYCLE
From the moment of the laying to the "sfare" of the adult mosquito they on average spend two weeks. Variability is especially in function of the temperatures.
This must be reported to the "group" Culex pipiens because in some kinds of Aedes the egg could remain also quiescent also for few months, generally the whole autumn and winter period.
In detail we can point out that the egg in the kind of reference (C. pipiens) opens after two /three days from the laying.
The young larva passes from the stadium L1 to the stadium L4 with three moults, every phase lasts from two to three days, a further moult brings our mosquito to the stadium of pupa (mobile) that after forty-eight times it gives origin to the flying adult which, after some days, it effects the mating.
Subsequently, the cycle as exemplified it restarts repeating itself within the year a dozen of times, obviously in relationship to the climatic course. The adults live some weeks, made exception for the adults that run into the winter to which the is devolved the duty to survive to the rigors of the cold season sheltering itself in the basements, in the drainage system, in the sheltered places, not too much colds.

ETHOLOGY
You remember that the pungent mosquito is the female which must do the so-called one "blood's meal" to provision him of some amino acids that it is not able to metabolize and that I am her essential to complete the maturation of the embryo.
The males are fed of sugary liquids of vegetable origin and they are gathered in big number, on the occasion of the nuptial flights.
The larvas, instead, eat organic material in suspension in the water, algae and microorganisms.

STRUGGLE’SCHEME (reference to the group Culex pipiens)
Also in this case you have to well identify the habitats where it is more effective to intervene (you see tab.).

PROTOCOLS OF INTERVENTION
WINTERING ADULTS
RESIDUAL-KNOCK DOWN STRUGGLE
• Identify the areas and the niches to treat.
• Prepare with attention the solution of use.
• * the choose could be turned to a demolishing action in the case is not necessary to have active residues, generally a certain residual action is desirable.
• Security norms
Follow the indications reported on the label( general rule)
• Verify the equipment
• Estimate the results and verify the results in the warm period.PROTOCOLLI DI INTERVENTO



ACTIVE ADULTS
DEMOLISHING STRUGGLE(RESIDUAL)
The technique to be used only in case of reality necessity:
it is generally realized in concomitance of demonstrations and kept parties to the open one in the warm months; in places of social aggregation; in places where people eat as fruitshops, restaurants etc.
Atomizers are used to middle, low volume with calibrated dosing, the least possible.
They adopt products to brief environmental destiny exception done to the treatments on the spontaneous or even infesting or ornamental vegetation in which a residual action results of sure great effectiveness.
LARVAL STRUGGLE
It’s undoubtedly the technique to be preferred because it strikes the infesting entity to the origin, a form of preventive intervention.
The results are gotten only if it is possible to intervene on a percentage of meaningful centre of reproduction. The choice of the products owes must take into account of the degree of pollution of the water in which he intends to act.
N.B.THE MOSQUITO’S STRUGGLE TAKES PLACE WITH PRECISES CHARTOGRAPHIC REFERENCES AND WITH CEREFUL, PRECISE AND TIMELYELABORATION OF THE WORK MAKED

WORK’S CALENDAR
We repeat the key concept in many occasions because even if obvious they often are disregarded. For instance, the struggle against the wintering adults often is not realized, like the planning phase and the monitoring one.
So, after having seen how and where to intervene is well to occupy us of when to intervene: a careful planning represents one of the fundamental points to get good results in a logic of economy of exercise (you see tab.).

WHY TO INTERVENE?ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
The mosquito’s struggle is many times carried out because of the nuisance that these “flying syringes” cause; it hasn’t be forgotten the sanitary aspect that the puncture of the mosquitos involves. Beyond the malaria, the mosquito can communicate other morbid forms, also viral, for the human beings and for the animals: you think about the filariosis of the dog.
We don't enter the detail in this chapter not to take the risk to emphasize aspects that the doctors well know and that for the not employed they can represent a sort of scientific terrorism.
For the economic aspects it is fundamental, when you realize a mosquito’s struggle on territories of a certain extension, to frame such struggle in a well studied program, better if it’s formalized in a project, with techniques of survey and data handling, such to allow the capitalization of the experiences.
If it is true that the environment is a patrimony common from to safeguard, and nothing authorizes us to deny it, it is necessary to intervene in rational way and possibly integrated with everything is done for it. Only in this way the objectives will be reached in sure and economic way.