THE TECHNICAL RESOURCES (EQUIPMENTS AND PRODUCTS)
THE TECHNICAL RESOURCES
In the practice of the pest controls services is necessary a serious of technical resources that represent the essential instruments of objectifications of the services themselves. The binomial products-facilities constitutes the foundation.
THE PRODUCTS
This chapter includes a numerous range of resources. In this seat we focus on the “chemical” products searching, through a correct knowledge , to have a positive vision and so it is rational state that “the chemistry is a friend” in the measures in which we make a correct use. Today we have a pharmacopeia capable to satisfy every need certainly more the formulation is sophisticated more it requires attention, competences and precision of usage and for example the employment of a regulator og growth (IGR) bind the application in precise moments and in place connected to the insect’s youthful level that we want to fight.
The products, that generally are employed, are Medical Surgical Devices(BIOCIDE), therefore chemical natural or of synthesis resources; they are authorised in their specific usage by the competent Health Ministry after the technical-scientific assent of the Superior Health Institute.
A Medical Surgical Device is constituted by a whole of parts and precisely:
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• THE TEXT OF THE LABEL *
• THE ACTIVE PRICIPLE
• THE COFORMULANTS
• THE CONTAINER
* THE TEXT OF THE LABEL REPRESENT THE PART THAT DETERMINE THE COURSE OF ACTION,
THE RELATIVE WARNINGS AND THE DOSAGES: IN THE LAST ANALYSIS IT IS THE “IDENTITY CARD” OF THE PRODUCT.
It is very important, or better still compulsory, to read and to follow what is prescribe in that document, today more then before, for the attention that the legislator shows for the security chapter.
a) The products are characterized, between the others things, for a name and registration number that identify “the recipe” as whole; It is a generalization not deprive of risks that of identification of products showing only the active principle. These are classifiable in many way, for example for the stage in which they strike the infesting entity: There will be adulticid, larvicid e more rarely oocyte products, in some cases the product could be larvo-adulticid or also it can carry on the three actions together. Instead in relation to the
action’s spectrum you will have products against cockroaches or against flies or, like often happen, polyvalent. Other distinctive character is their cause of action: for contact,f or consumption, for asphyxia. The action span, also, involves in a different way to order the products and you will have product with demolishing action or with residual effect.
b) The active principles, that constitute the centre of the product, set its characteristic and effectiveness. Also the chemical nature of the active principle represent an important method of classification, for example between the inorganic compounds there is the boric acid and between the organic compounds there are pyrethrum (constituted by six pyrethrins), the synthesis’s pyrethroids (subdivided in two subgroups: photo fleeting e photo stable), the carbamates, the phosphorganics, the chlororganics e the derivatives of
coumarin. Also the formulation becomes even more important because through the different coformulants you can determine the technical and toxicological characteristics of the product: there are concentrate emulsions, watery micro emulsions, solutions, dry or wettable powders, microencapsulates, etc… The theme’s complexity suggests us to synthesise it in a table.
c) Pertain to the coformulants, in part we have anticipated the theme with the kinds of formulations and for this reason we underline only the importance of their interaction with the active principle for what concern the use of the product. For example a pyrethrum could be distribute whit a sprayer or with a thermal-fogger in relation to the kind of fabrication “recipe”.
d) The containers represent the external part of our products and, from their form, capacity, hardness and nature they could be in different measure safe, easily manipolable, facilitate dosage’s precision and, not negligible aspect, be easily workable, and this interact also with their disposal. In this seat we only remember that they must not be disperse in the environmental. It’s not possible to conclude this chapter without citing the method of measurement of the active principle. The toxicity is reported in the lecture with the initials DL that show the quantity of milligrams per kg of bodily weight capable to cause the death of 50% of population ( usually rats) to which is administered the substance. The modern products have toxicological outlines so reassurance that result less toxic of the cooking salt; but this must not lead into regardless, in fact our object must be aimed to eliminate every risk. So attention and prudential, the chemistry is a friend only at this conditions.
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TAB.1
KINDS OF FORMULATIONS |
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CONCENTRATED
FORMULATIONS
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READY
TO USE’S FORMULATIONS
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Suspended
Concentration
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Ready
to use’s baits RB
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Concentration
for cold mist HN
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Sprinkler
powders BP
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Liquid
for applications ULV
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Spray
AE
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Mixing
liquids in hydrocarbons OL
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Ready
to use’s flowable SC
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Liquids
for applications at ultra low volume ULV
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Tracing
powders TP
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Oil’s
emulsion in water EW
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Concentrated
microencapsulates CS
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Concentration
for warm mist HN
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Ready
to use’s liquids
( in organic solvents or in water) LPU |
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Smoke’s
generators FU
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Granulates
G
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Concentrated
microencapsulates CS
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Flowable
SC
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Wettable
powders WP
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TAB.2
EXAMPLE OF “ARITMETIC” EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY OF A INSECTICIDE PRODUCT |
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ACTIVE
PRINCIPLE’S TOXICITY
DL 50 oral rat= 400 mg/kg |
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TOXICITY
OF A PRODUCT AT 20% OF A ACTIVE PRINCIPLE
(considering excipients and not toxic coformulants) DL 50 = 400 mg/kg : 20/100 DL 50 = 400 mg/kg : 0,2 = 2.000 mg/kg = 2 g/kg |
THE
EQUIPMENTS
In this chapter we focus on the means of distribution of a insecticide,
retaining the theme of particular importance because often there is a
certain inaccuracy of dosages due to a confusion generated from the consideration
the respect of the percentage of use sufficient to guarantee the respect
of the unitary dosage.
First of all we analyse the parameters more important that identify a
supplying device. They are the capacity, the operating speed and the kind
of issued drops (diameter and number of drops per square centimetre).
Obviously we have to remember other factors like the conformity to the
rules, the precision of regulation, the sturdiness, the facility of maintenance,
the assistance post-sale and the availability of the pieces of exchange,
power, the weight, the dimensions, the optional to outfit and the characteristics
of disbursement (distance and largeness of distribution).
Returning to the problem of the dosage, if a product must be uses to a
certain concentration, for instance to the 1%, and it is distributed with
an electric pump, it will vary in operation of the speed of execution.
The experience show us that with 10 litres of solution, according to the
operational conditions and of the "footstep" of the operator,
you could cover from 80 to 200 mq. It’s evident that if you distribute
these 10 litres to 1% in 10o mq, the unity dosage will be 100 cc/mq while
if you spray it in 200 mq the unity dosage will be the half. That is 50
cc/mq and naturally the result will be different.
Certainly it isn’t always possible make a precise measurement of
square metres made, but it’s possible make it empirically, but not
with sufficient precision, through an evaluation of the degree of wet
that you let behind you. For instance, on an horizontal not absorbent
surface 100 cc/mq produce a well visible wet veil that it dry in a enough
long time (in function of the temperature9, while 50 cc/mq make a slight
humid veil that it easily dry.
On a vertical surface, in the first case you can notice the first marks
of draining, in the second this effect doesn’t happen. The “rational”
experience allow the evaluation of the intermediate situations, also in
relationship to the various kinds of surfaces more or less permeable.
The case studies are numerous and they are complicated in case of position’s
evaluations, but our professionalism oblige us to broaden this chapter
with a great care,
also if it oblige to the use of easy mathematical operations. To facilitate
the assignment of our reader, in the limits imposed by the nature of the
publication, we bring in chart two examples of calculation. A last important
suggestion is to attentively appraise the typology of the supplying nozzles
because from them the characteristic of the disbursed micelles and their
uniformity of distribution depend. This premised doesn't remain to enunciate
the most common kinds of equipments for the distribution, starting from
the easier.
THE SPRAYERS
They are formed from a pump that give a boost to a liquid that passing
from a nozzle it nebulizes.
• Pump sprinklers: they are well known , overall for the domestic
use. The tank usually vary from 1 to 10 litres and the pump is activated
by a sort of lever manually manoeuvre.
• Electric sprinkler : they are an extension of the previous system;
they have larger dimensions with a tank of 10 litres; the pressure is
obtained manoeuvring a lever.
• Electric pump : similar to the precedent but in this case the pressure
is determine by a air chamber realized from a pump that the operator manoeuvres
before the delivering.
There are many types among which professional models highly endowed with
good outfits actions to the most varied demands. Among the mentioned models
they also exist electric motor of it, both with battery and online fed.
• Always between the sprayers there are a great power kinds, actioned
from combustion engine also over the 10 CVs of power with theoretical
courses of over 50 ls / min. The tanks are dimensioned in proportion to
the power and they can reach 10 q.li.
THE ATOMIZERS
In this group are ascribed mixed water/air system characterized by a fan
that creates the air flux where is inject the liquid to supply. The power
is very variable and part from the backed up atomizers by few horse-powers
till carborne groups from from 30-60-80 HP and over. Such powers involve
ability of disbursement that allows to have brought of over 300 lt/h with
horizontal ranges of over 30 meters and vertical of few inferior.
The speeds operational averages vary from 4 km / h to over 12 km / h;
this involves an operational ability of 120.000 mq/h (equal to 12 hectares)
calculated on a speed of 8 km/h and an area of horizontal work of 15 metres;
wanting a spatial evaluation and esteeming the working height of 12 ms.,
it would result, firm staying the enunciated parameters, of 1.440.000
mc. or rather few less than a million and a half of meters cubes every
hour.
It now appears clear the necessary precision of planning (choice of the
formulated ones, percentage of use, esteem of the unitary dosing necessary,
etc. etc.) and the extreme operating consequent attention.
A group of equipment, that finds identity of calculation method, is that
one constituted by atomizers, aerosolmachines, ultra low volume (ULV)
and thermal-foggers.
All, with various powers and supplying characteristics, distribute systems
mixed liquid-air.
Two clarifications are necessary: the first one for the thermal-foggers,
because they are able to distribute warm fogs and for this reason they
need particular products ready to use or to convey in adapt solvent; the
second for the ULV, that generally required low voltage of steam liquids,
because they supply micro-drops (almost invisible) that they will evaporate
too easily if the situation was different.
For particular employment it exists blowers capable to distribute dry
powders; also the spray, whose use requires more attention than that their
diffusion in domestic circle would make to think, have to be cite.
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TAB.3
DOSAGE PER VOLUME |
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Example of calculation:
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TAB.4
DOSAGE PER SURFACE |
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Example of calculation:
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INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION DEVICES (DPI)
Definition : “For DPI you intends any equipment destined to be worn
or held by the worker to the purpose to protect him against one or more
susceptible risks that threaten him safety or health during the job."
Obligation of use: "The DPIs must have employed when the risks cannot
be avoided or sufficiently reduced by technical measures of prevention”.
Gives the importance of the matter we have report some lines of the law
626/94 on the safety; this law or the following changes and integrations
must be notes to all the employers and to the workers for the specific
obligations.
Gives the delicacy of the matter we limit to point out that the most common
DPIs employed in the operations of pest control are the gloves, the glasses,
the headgear (hat or helmet depending from the necessities), the shoes
or the boots and the masks nose-mouth or facial with the relative filters
(we remember that in the context we don't deal with toxic gas otherwise
we should mention the Gives the delicacy of the matter we limit there
to point out that the most common DPIs employed in the operations of pest
control are the gloves,
the glasses, the headgear (hat or second helmet of the necessities), the
shoes or the boots and the masks nose-mouth or facial with the relative
filters (we remember that in the context we don't deal otherwise there
with toxic gas we should mention the aqualungs).
Two recommendations: we believe that the use of the masks and relative
filters involves a specific education to the use and the maintenance and
also not being generally the job suit considered DPI, it could comes in
the context if for instance some specific characteristics of impermeability
will be necessary.
The attention of the legislator implies, we underline it in conclusion,
a constant verification of suitability and a continuous attention to the
problem for the adjustments that were made as soon as necessary.
